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SCIENTIFIC NEWSFEED
Because our work is all about your work, Bioseb is following scientific news very closely - we read and study publications and articles on neurosciences to design and adapt our products to your research. Your research on neurosciences; analgesia, anxiety and depression, activity and locomotion is our inspiration,, and we are dedicated to make your research easier. Bioseb is therefore offering the possibility to follow main scientific news feeds on neurosciences from our website - a fast and easy way to keep in touch with the latest publications and articles.
The Journal of Pain	NEURON	Nature Reviews Neuroscience - Issue - nature.com science feeds	TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES
The Journal of Pain RSS feed: Current Issue. The Journal of Pain publishes original articles related to all aspects of pain, including clinical and basic research, patient care, education, and health policy. Articles selected for publication in the Journal are most commonly... Click here to view full description The Journal of Pain RSS feed: Current Issue. The Journal of Pain publishes original articles related to all aspects of pain, including clinical and basic research, patient care, education, and health policy. Articles selected for publication in the Journal are most commonly reports of original clinical research or reports of original basic research. In addtion, invited critical reviews, including meta analyses of drugs for pain management, invited commentaries on reviews, and exceptional case studies are published in the Journal . The mission of the Journal is to improve the care of patients in pain by providing a forum for clinical researchers, basic scientists, clinicians, and other health professionals to publish original research. The Journal of Pain has an Impact factor of 4.851 in the 2011 Journal Citation Reports®, published by Thomson Reuters. Click here to reduce description Table of Contents Posted on 1 February 2012, 1:00 am Instructions to Authors Posted on 1 February 2012, 1:00 am Editorial Board Posted on 1 February 2012, 1:00 am Masthead Posted on 1 February 2012, 1:00 am The Economic Cost of Chronic Noncancer Pain in Ireland: Results From the PRIME Study, Part 2 Abstract: To assess the economic cost of chronic pain in Ireland, information was gathered from 140 people with chronic pain. Direct and indirect costs attributable to chronic pain and medical conditions of which chronic pain was a feature were recorded retrospectively for 12 months. Mean cost... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: To assess the economic cost of chronic pain in Ireland, information was gathered from 140 people with chronic pain. Direct and indirect costs attributable to chronic pain and medical conditions of which chronic pain was a feature were recorded retrospectively for 12 months. Mean cost per chronic pain patient was estimated at €5,665 per year across all grades of pain, with mean costs increasing according to the severity of pain. A small proportion of patients account for the bulk of costs—the top 5% most expensive patients accounted for 26.4% of costs, with a mean cost per patient of €29,936, and the 10% most expensive patients were responsible for 42.8% of all costs. Total cost for individuals aged 20 and above was estimated at €5.34 billion per year, or 2.86% of Irish GDP in 2008. Those with clinically elevated depression scores had costs that were twice as high as people who scored below the depression cut-off score. Chronic pain services in Ireland are generally underresourced. Improved coordination and better management of patients via interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program is essential and may offer a means of reducing the sizeable economic burden of chronic pain.Perspective: The cost of chronic pain per patient was €5,665 per year extrapolated to €5.34 billion or 2.86% of GDP per year. Those with clinically significant depression had costs twice as high as those without depression. The significant burden of chronic pain highlights the need for cost effective interventions to reduce long-term disability. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 1 February 2012, 1:00 am The Association Between Race and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Younger Black and White Adults With Chronic Pain Abstract: Both race and socioeconomic status (SES) contribute to disparities. We assessed the relative roles of neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) and race in the chronic pain experience for young adults (<50 years old). Data from a tertiary care pain center was matched to 2000 US Census... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: Both race and socioeconomic status (SES) contribute to disparities. We assessed the relative roles of neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) and race in the chronic pain experience for young adults (<50 years old). Data from a tertiary care pain center was matched to 2000 US Census data to examine the role of race and nSES on chronic pain and its sequelae in 3,730 adults (9.7% black, 61% female) 18 to 49 years old (37 ± 8 years). Blacks had significantly more pain and disability and lived in lower SES neighborhoods. Living in a lower SES neighborhood was associated with increased sensory, affective, and “other” pain, pain-related disability, and mood disorders. Race was independently associated with affective and “other” pain on the McGill Pain Questionnaire scales, and both disability factors. Racial disparities in sensory pain and mood disorders were mediated by nSES. In every case, race and neighborhood SES played important roles in the outcomes for chronic pain. Age was related to both disability outcomes. Gender was associated with voluntary disability and mood disorders, with men displaying worse outcomes.Perspective: Important racial- and SES-related variability in pain related outcomes in young adults with chronic pain were defined. Black race was associated with neighborhood SES, and black race plays an important role in pain outcomes beyond neighborhood SES. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 16 January 2012, 1:00 am Craving of Prescription Opioids in Patients With Chronic Pain: A Longitudinal Outcomes Trial Abstract: Little is known about whether patients with chronic pain treated with opioids experience craving for their medications, whether contextual cues may influence craving, or if there is a relationship between craving and medication compliance. We hypothesized that craving for prescription... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: Little is known about whether patients with chronic pain treated with opioids experience craving for their medications, whether contextual cues may influence craving, or if there is a relationship between craving and medication compliance. We hypothesized that craving for prescription opioids would be significantly correlated with the urge for more medication, preoccupation with the next dose, and current mood symptoms. We studied craving in 62 patients with chronic pain who were at low or high risk for opioid misuse, while they were enrolled in an RCT to improve prescription opioid medication compliance. Using electronic diaries, patients completed ratings of craving at monthly clinic visits and daily during a 14-day take-home period. Both groups consistently endorsed craving, whose levels were highly correlated (P < .001) with urge, preoccupation, and mood. The intervention to improve opioid compliance in the high-risk group was significantly associated with a rate of decrease in craving over time in comparison to a high-risk control group (P < .05). These findings indicate that craving is a potentially important psychological construct in pain patients prescribed opioids, regardless of their level of risk to misuse opioids. Targeting craving may be an important intervention to decrease misuse and improve prescription opioid compliance.Perspective: Patients with noncancer pain can crave their prescription opioids, regardless of their risk for opioid misuse. We found craving to be highly correlated with the urge to take more medication, fluctuations in mood, and preoccupation with the next dose, and to diminish with a behavioral intervention to improve opioid compliance. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 16 January 2012, 1:00 am Physical Activity, Sustained Sedentary Behavior, and Pain Modulation in Women With Fibromyalgia Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) has been conceptualized as a disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by augmented sensory processing and an inability to effectively modulate pain. We previously reported that physical activity is related to brain processing of pain, providing evidence... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: Fibromyalgia (FM) has been conceptualized as a disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by augmented sensory processing and an inability to effectively modulate pain. We previously reported that physical activity is related to brain processing of pain, providing evidence for a potential mechanism of pain management. The purpose of this study was to extend our work by manipulating pain modulation and determining relationships to both physical activity and sustained sedentary behavior. Eleven women with FM completed accelerometer measures of physical activity and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging of painful heat, administered alone and during distracting cognitive tasks. Results showed that physical activity was significantly (P < .005) and positively related to brain responses during distraction from pain in regions implicated in pain modulation including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the dorsal posterior cingulate, and the periaqueductal grey. A significant negative relationship occurred in the left anterior insula. For sedentary time, significant negative relationships were observed in areas involved in both pain modulation and the sensory-discriminative aspects of pain including the DLPFC, thalamus, and superior frontal and pre- and post-central gyri. These results suggest that physical activity and sedentary behaviors are related to central nervous system regulation of pain in FM.Perspective: Our results support a promising benefit of physical activity and highlight the potentially deleterious effects of sustained sedentary behavior for pain regulation in FM. Studies aimed at increasing physical activity or reducing sedentary behavior and determining the impact of these on pain regulation are warranted. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 16 January 2012, 1:00 am How Do I Empathize With You? Let Me Count the Ways: Relations Between Facets of Pain-Related Empathy Abstract: This study examined the extent to which components of empathy (ie, empathic accuracy, empathic tendencies, and empathic responses) were correlated within the context of chronic pain couples. Additionally, the interrelationships between these empathy variables and spouse responses to... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: This study examined the extent to which components of empathy (ie, empathic accuracy, empathic tendencies, and empathic responses) were correlated within the context of chronic pain couples. Additionally, the interrelationships between these empathy variables and spouse responses to pain were investigated. Participants were 57 couples in which at least 1 spouse reported chronic musculoskeletal pain. Each couple participated in a videotaped interaction about the impact of pain in their lives together, after which they completed an empathic accuracy procedure. The interactions were coded for the spouse’s use of empathic responses. Couples also completed surveys about pain severity, pain interference, empathic tendencies, marital satisfaction, and perceived spousal responses (ie, solicitous and punishing responses) to pain. Spousal empathic responses and empathic accuracy were not related to one another nor were they related to spousal empathic tendencies, or solicitous spouse responses. Spousal punishing responses were negatively related to empathic responses. The association between solicitousness and empathic responses was moderated by spousal marital satisfaction. The findings suggest that there are not clear associations among these empathy variables. The results also indicate that the climate in which solicitousness is provided may influence the extent to which spouses display empathic responses.Perspective: The findings have implications for models of pain empathy and suggest that future research is needed to understand relations between aspects of empathy. Moreover, interventions aimed at addressing the empathic climate in which support is delivered may help spouses more empathically and effectively communicate with and assist partners with pain management. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 9 January 2012, 1:00 am Muscle Pain Differentially Modulates Short Interval Intracortical Inhibition and Intracortical Facilitation in Primary Motor Cortex Abstract: Excitability of the motor cortex can be suppressed during muscle pain. Yet the mechanisms are largely unknown. Short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were examined as possible candidate mechanisms to underpin this change. SICI and ICF were... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: Excitability of the motor cortex can be suppressed during muscle pain. Yet the mechanisms are largely unknown. Short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were examined as possible candidate mechanisms to underpin this change. SICI and ICF were investigated in 11 healthy individuals before, during and after infusion of hypertonic saline into right first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), interstimulus intervals of 2, 3, and 13 ms were investigated. Pain intensity and quality were recorded using a 10-cm visual analogue scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Resting motor threshold and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to single TMS stimuli were recorded before and after pain. Electromyographic recordings were made from right FDI and abductor digiti minimi. Participants reported an average pain intensity of 5.8 (1.6) cm. MEP amplitudes decreased in both muscles. Compared with the pre-pain condition, SICI was increased following pain, but not during. ICF was decreased both during and after pain when compared with the pre-pain condition. These findings suggest that muscle pain differentially modulates SICI and ICF. Although the functional relevance is unknown, we hypothesize decreased facilitation and increased inhibition may contribute to the restriction of movement of a painful body part.Perspective: This article provides evidence for decreased intracortical facilitation and increased short interval intracortical inhibition in response to muscle pain. This finding is relevant to clinicians as a mechanism which may underlie restricted movement in acute and chronic pain. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 9 January 2012, 1:00 am Repetitive Treatment With Diluted Bee Venom Reduces Neuropathic Pain Via Potentiation of Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic Neuronal Activity and Modulation of Spinal NR1 Phosphorylation in Rats Abstract: We previously demonstrated that a single injection of diluted bee venom (DBV) temporarily alleviates thermal hyperalgesia, but not mechanical allodynia, in neuropathic rats. The present study was designed to determine whether repetitive injection of DBV produces more potent analgesic... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: We previously demonstrated that a single injection of diluted bee venom (DBV) temporarily alleviates thermal hyperalgesia, but not mechanical allodynia, in neuropathic rats. The present study was designed to determine whether repetitive injection of DBV produces more potent analgesic effects on neuropathy-induced nociception and whether those effects are associated with increased neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus (LC) and with the suppression of spinal NMDA receptor NR1 subunit phosphorylation (pNR1). DBV (.25 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously twice a day for 2 weeks beginning on day 15 post-chronic constrictive injury surgery. Pain responses were examined and potential changes in LC Fos expression and spinal pNR1 expression were determined. Repetitive DBV administration significantly reduced mechanical allodynia, as well as thermal hyperalgesia. The activity of LC noradrenergic neurons was increased and spinal pNR1 expression was significantly suppressed by repetitive DBV as compared with those of vehicle or single DBV injection. These suppressive effects of repetitive DBV on neuropathic pain and spinal pNR1 were prevented by intrathecal pretreatment of idazoxan, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist. These results indicate that repetitive DBV produces potent analgesic effects on neuropathic pain and this is associated with the activation of the LC noradrenergic system and with a reduction in spinal pNR1.Perspective: The results of current study demonstrate that repetitive administration of DBV significantly suppresses neuropathic pain. Furthermore, this study provides mechanistic information that repetitive treatment of DBV can produce more potent analgesic effect than single DBV treatment, indicating a potential novel strategy for the management of chronic pain. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 5 January 2012, 1:00 am Time Series Analysis of California’s Prescription Monitoring Program: Impact on Prescribing and Multiple Provider Episodes Abstract: Prescription monitoring programs (PMPs) are designed to reduce medication diversion by identifying individuals obtaining the same medication from multiple providers (termed multiple provider episodes [MPEs]). This study determined whether recent changes to California’s PMP influenced:... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: Prescription monitoring programs (PMPs) are designed to reduce medication diversion by identifying individuals obtaining the same medication from multiple providers (termed multiple provider episodes [MPEs]). This study determined whether recent changes to California’s PMP influenced: 1) the extent that practitioners issue prescriptions for a variety of Schedule II opioids; and 2) the incidence of MPEs involving these opioids. Intervention time series of California’s PMP data was used to determine the effect of requiring practitioners to transition from using triplicate prescription forms for Schedule II medications to security forms for all controlled substances. Outcome measures included changes in number of prescriptions issued for Schedule II long-acting or short-acting (SA) opioids and the MPEs involving these medications. Requiring a security form was associated with a sustained prescribing increase for SA hydromorphone, meperidine, and SA oxycodone; no prescribing changes were found for SA fentanyl, methadone, and SA morphine, or for any long-acting opioids. The same policy change, however, increased MPEs involving all opioids. Further effort is required to determine how California’s PMP can continue to ensure availability of prescription opioids for medical use while better mitigating their diversion.Perspective: Statistical model-building was used to evaluate the influence of changes to California’s prescription monitoring program. The extent that practitioners prescribe Schedule II opioids and the incidence of people receiving prescriptions from multiple providers were measured. Such research illustrates the viability of evaluating drug control program impact on prescribing practice and potential diversion behaviors. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 24 November 2011, 1:00 am A Pilot Study of the Tolerability and Effects of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) on Pain Perception Abstract: Several brain stimulation technologies are beginning to evidence promise as pain treatments. However, traditional versions of 1 specific technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), stimulate broad regions of cortex with poor spatial precision. A new tDCS design, called... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: Several brain stimulation technologies are beginning to evidence promise as pain treatments. However, traditional versions of 1 specific technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), stimulate broad regions of cortex with poor spatial precision. A new tDCS design, called high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS), allows for focal delivery of the charge to discrete regions of the cortex. We sought to preliminarily test the safety and tolerability of the HD-tDCS technique as well as to evaluate whether HD-tDCS over the motor cortex would decrease pain and sensory experience. Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers underwent quantitative sensory testing before and after 20 minutes of real (n = 13) or sham (n = 11) 2 mA HD-tDCS over the motor cortex. No adverse events occurred and no side effects were reported. Real HD-tDCS was associated with significantly decreased heat and cold sensory thresholds, decreased thermal wind-up pain, and a marginal analgesic effect for cold pain thresholds. No significant effects were observed for mechanical pain thresholds or heat pain thresholds. HD-tDCS appears well tolerated, and produced changes in underlying cortex that are associated with changes in pain perception. Future studies are warranted to investigate HD-tDCS in other applications, and to examine further its potential to affect pain perception.Perspective: This article presents preliminary tolerability and efficacy data for a new focal brain stimulation technique called high definition transcranial direct current stimulation. This technique may have applications in the management of pain. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 21 November 2011, 1:00 am Physical Activity and Function in Adolescents With Chronic Pain: A Controlled Study Using Actigraphy Abstract: Physical functioning is often impaired in adolescents with chronic pain, which has largely been demonstrated through subjective self-report measures. Actigraphy uses motion monitoring as an objective means for assessing one dimension of physical functioning; physical activity level.... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: Physical functioning is often impaired in adolescents with chronic pain, which has largely been demonstrated through subjective self-report measures. Actigraphy uses motion monitoring as an objective means for assessing one dimension of physical functioning; physical activity level. This study used subjective and objective measures to assess multiple dimensions of physical functioning in a clinical sample of adolescents with chronic pain (n = 78) and a comparison group of healthy adolescents (n = 59). Individual and pain characteristics were also examined as predictors of actigraphy variables within the chronic pain sample. Results indicated that adolescents with chronic pain demonstrate significant impairment in subjective measures of physical functioning and evidence lower levels of physical activity. Actigraphic measures of physical activity were moderately correlated with self-report measures of physical functioning. Individual characteristics, including adolescent age, sex, and Body Mass Index percentile, were associated with physical activity levels among adolescents with chronic pain. Physical activity represents a distinct dimension of physical functioning. Assessing physical activity may provide additional description of physical functioning among adolescents with chronic pain, and may help identify targets for intervention in this population.Perspective: This study demonstrates that adolescents with chronic pain have lower physical activity levels, as measured objectively via actigraphy, as well as poorer subjective reports of physical functioning, compared to healthy adolescents. Actigraphic measurement of physical activity provides objective source data about one dimension of physical functioning. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 18 November 2011, 1:00 am The Interruptive Effect of Pain in a Multitask Environment: An Experimental Investigation Abstract: Daily life is characterized by the need to stop, start, repeat, and switch between multiple tasks. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of pain, and its anticipation, in a multitask environment. Using a task-switching paradigm, participants repeated and switched between 3... Click here to view full abstract Abstract: Daily life is characterized by the need to stop, start, repeat, and switch between multiple tasks. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of pain, and its anticipation, in a multitask environment. Using a task-switching paradigm, participants repeated and switched between 3 tasks, of which 1 predicted the possible occurrence of pain. Half of the participants received low intensity pain (N = 30), and half high intensity pain (N = 30). Results showed that pain interferes with the performance of a simultaneous task, independent of the pain intensity. Furthermore, pain interferes with the performance on a subsequent task. These effects are stronger with high intensity pain than with low intensity pain. Finally, and of particular importance in this study, interference of pain on a subsequent task was larger when participants switched to another task than when participants repeated the same task.Perspective: This article is concerned with the interruptive effect of pain on people’s task performance by using an adapted task-switching paradigm. This adapted paradigm may offer unique possibilities to investigate how pain interferes with task performance while people repeat and switch between multiple tasks in a multitask environment. Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 10 November 2011, 1:00 am	Neuron - Table of Contents - Volume 73 Issue 2, 26 January 2012 RGS4 Is Required for Dopaminergic Control of Striatal LTD and Susceptibility to Parkinsonian Motor Deficits Talia N. Lerner, Anatol C. Kreitzer. Plasticity of excitatory synapses onto striatal projection neurons (MSNs) has the potential to regulate motor function by setting the gain on signals driving both direct- and indirect-pathway basa.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Bhlhb5 and Prdm8 Form a Repressor Complex Involved in Neuronal Circuit Assembly Sarah E. Ross, Alejandra E. McCord, Cynthia Jung, Denize Atan, Stephanie I. Mok, Martin Hemberg, Tae-Kyung Kim, John Salogiannis, Linda Hu, Sonia Cohen, Yingxi Lin, Dana Harrar, Roderick R. McInnes, Michael E. Greenberg. Although transcription factors that repress gene expression play critical... Click here to view full abstract Sarah E. Ross, Alejandra E. McCord, Cynthia Jung, Denize Atan, Stephanie I. Mok, Martin Hemberg, Tae-Kyung Kim, John Salogiannis, Linda Hu, Sonia Cohen, Yingxi Lin, Dana Harrar, Roderick R. McInnes, Michael E. Greenberg. Although transcription factors that repress gene expression play critical roles in nervous system development, their mechanism of action remains to be understood. Here, we report that the Olig-rel.... Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Food for Thought: The Physiological Relevance of Ghrelin and Dopamine D2 Receptor Heterodimerization in the Regulation of Appetite Ali Salahpour, Marc G. Caron. Establishing whether G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form physiologically relevant functional homo- and heteroligomers in vivo has been a major biochemical challenge. In this issue of Neuro.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Releasing the Inner Inhibition for Axon Regeneration Michelle D. Po, John A. Calarco, Mei Zhen. The adult mammalian central nervous system exhibits restricted regenerative potential. Chen et al. (2011) and El Bejjani and Hammarlund (2012) used Caenorhabditis elegans to uncover intrins.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am JAK/STAT: The Enigma within the Mystery of NMDAR-LTD Todd C. Sacktor. In this issue of Neuron, Nicolas et al. (2012) show that JAK2/STAT3 signaling, a canonical pathway for transmitting information from the cell membrane to the nucleus, is critical for NMDAR-.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Apo-Ghrelin Receptor Forms Heteromers with DRD2 in Hypothalamic Neurons and Is Essential for Anorexigenic Effects of DRD2 Agonism Andras Kern, Rosie Albarran-Zeckler, Heidi E. Walsh, Roy G. Smith. We identified subsets of neurons in the brain that coexpress the dopamine receptor subtype-2 (DRD2) and the ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a). Combination of FRET confocal microscopy and Tr-FRET establish.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Open Neuroscience Solutions for the Connectome-wide Association Era Michael Peter Milham. The neuroimaging community is at a crossroads. Long characterized by individualism, the data and computational and analytic needs of the connectome-wide association era necessitate cultural reform.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am The JAK/STAT Pathway Is Involved in Synaptic Plasticity Céline S. Nicolas, Stéphane Peineau, Mascia Amici, Zsolt Csaba, Assia Fafouri, Charlotte Javalet, Valerie J. Collett, Lars Hildebrandt, Gillian Seaton, Sun-Lim Choi, Su-Eon Sim, Clarrisa Bradley, Kyungmin Lee, Min Zhuo, Bong-Kiun Kaang, Pierre Gressens, Pascal Dournaud, Stephen M. Fitzjohn,... Click here to view full abstract Céline S. Nicolas, Stéphane Peineau, Mascia Amici, Zsolt Csaba, Assia Fafouri, Charlotte Javalet, Valerie J. Collett, Lars Hildebrandt, Gillian Seaton, Sun-Lim Choi, Su-Eon Sim, Clarrisa Bradley, Kyungmin Lee, Min Zhuo, Bong-Kiun Kaang, Pierre Gressens, Pascal Dournaud, Stephen M. Fitzjohn, Zuner A. Bortolotto, Kwangwook Cho, Graham L. Collingridge. The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is involved in many cellular processes, including cell growth and differentiation, immune functions and cance.... Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Understanding Migraine through the Lens of Maladaptive Stress Responses: A Model Disease of Allostatic Load David Borsook, Nasim Maleki, Lino Becerra, Bruce McEwen. The brain and body respond to potential and actual stressful events by activating hormonal and neural mediators and modifying behaviors to adapt. Such responses help maintain physiological stabili.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Homeodomain Protein Otp and Activity-Dependent Splicing Modulate Neuronal Adaptation to Stress Liat Amir-Zilberstein, Janna Blechman, Yehezkel Sztainberg, William H.J. Norton, Adriana Reuveny, Nataliya Borodovsky, Maayan Tahor, Joshua L. Bonkowsky, Laure Bally-Cuif, Alon Chen, Gil Levkowitz. Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) activity is critical for the animal's... Click here to view full abstract Liat Amir-Zilberstein, Janna Blechman, Yehezkel Sztainberg, William H.J. Norton, Adriana Reuveny, Nataliya Borodovsky, Maayan Tahor, Joshua L. Bonkowsky, Laure Bally-Cuif, Alon Chen, Gil Levkowitz. Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) activity is critical for the animal's adaptation to stressful challenges, and its dysregulation is associated with psychiatric disorders in huma.... Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Signal Processing in the Axon Initial Segment Maarten H.P. Kole, Greg J. Stuart. The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized membrane region in the axon of neurons where action potentials are initiated. Crucial to the function of the AIS is the presence of specific voltage.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am RNA Editing of the IQ Domain in Cav1.3 Channels Modulates Their Ca2+-Dependent Inactivation Hua Huang, Bao Zhen Tan, Yiru Shen, Jin Tao, Fengli Jiang, Ying Ying Sung, Choon Keow Ng, Manfred Raida, Georg Köhr, Miyoko Higuchi, Hadi Fatemi-Shariatpanahi, Bradley Harden, David T. Yue, Tuck Wah Soong. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is crucial for generating molecular diversity, and serves... Click here to view full abstract Hua Huang, Bao Zhen Tan, Yiru Shen, Jin Tao, Fengli Jiang, Ying Ying Sung, Choon Keow Ng, Manfred Raida, Georg Köhr, Miyoko Higuchi, Hadi Fatemi-Shariatpanahi, Bradley Harden, David T. Yue, Tuck Wah Soong. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is crucial for generating molecular diversity, and serves to regulate protein function through recoding of genomic information. Here, we discover editing within Ca.... Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Photoactivatable Neuropeptides for Spatiotemporally Precise Delivery of Opioids in Neural Tissue Matthew R. Banghart, Bernardo L. Sabatini. Neuropeptides activate G protein-coupled receptors to acutely modulate cellular excitability and synaptic transmission. However, due to the lack of reagents for precise delivery of peptides within.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Closed-Loop Measurements of Iso-Response Stimuli Reveal Dynamic Nonlinear Stimulus Integration in the Retina Daniel Bölinger, Tim Gollisch. Neurons often integrate information from multiple parallel signaling streams. How a neuron combines these inputs largely determines its computational role in signal processing. Experimental assess.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Postsynaptic Complexin Controls AMPA Receptor Exocytosis during LTP Mohiuddin Ahmad, Jai S. Polepalli, Debanjan Goswami, Xiaofei Yang, Yea Jin Kaeser-Woo, Thomas C. Südhof, Robert C. Malenka. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a compelling synaptic correlate of learning and memory. LTP induction requires NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation, which triggers SNARE-dependent exocytosis of AMPA r.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Endocannabinoids Shape Accumbal Encoding of Cue-Motivated Behavior via CB1 Receptor Activation in the Ventral Tegmentum Erik B. Oleson, Michael V. Beckert, Joshua T. Morra, Carien S. Lansink, Roger Cachope, Rehab A. Abdullah, Amy L. Loriaux, Dustin Schetters, Tommy Pattij, Mitchell F. Roitman, Aron H. Lichtman, Joseph F. Cheer. Transient increases in nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine concentration are observed when... Click here to view full abstract Erik B. Oleson, Michael V. Beckert, Joshua T. Morra, Carien S. Lansink, Roger Cachope, Rehab A. Abdullah, Amy L. Loriaux, Dustin Schetters, Tommy Pattij, Mitchell F. Roitman, Aron H. Lichtman, Joseph F. Cheer. Transient increases in nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine concentration are observed when animals are presented with motivationally salient stimuli and are theorized to energize reward seeking. They.... Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Notch Signaling Inhibits Axon Regeneration Rachid El Bejjani, Marc Hammarlund. Many neurons have limited capacity to regenerate their axons after injury. Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system do not regenerate, and even neurons in the peripheral nervous system ofte.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am Regular Spiking and Intrinsic Bursting Pyramidal Cells Show Orthogonal Forms of Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Layer V of Barrel Cortex Vincent Jacob, Leopoldo Petreanu, Nick Wright, Karel Svoboda, Kevin Fox. Most functional plasticity studies in the cortex have focused on layers (L) II/III and IV, whereas relatively little is known of LV. Structural measurements of dendritic spines in vivo suggest som.... Posted on 26 January 2012, 1:00 am	Activity-dependent neurotransmitter respecification For many years it has been assumed that the identity of the transmitters expressed by neurons is stable and unchanging. Recent work, however, shows that electrical activity can respecify neurotransmitter expression during development and in the mature nervous system, and an understanding is emerging of Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Neural development: Clustering connections Repetitive spontaneous activity in developing neural networks causes spatiotemporal clustering of functional synapses on dendrites. Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Interneuron dysfunction in psychiatric disorders Schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disabilities are best understood as spectrums of diseases that have broad sets of causes. However, it is becoming evident that these conditions also have overlapping phenotypes and genetics, which is suggestive of common deficits. In this context, the idea that the Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Neuronal circuits: Mapping the local field potential The local field potential (LFP) is the low-frequency component of the extracellular voltage detected in the cortex, and changes in the LFP have been linked to many important processes, such as memory and motor function. Several recent reports have suggested that the LFP arises from Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Neural development: Epigenetic regulation of asymmetry The brains of many species demonstrate structural and functional bilateral asymmetry, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are mostly unknown. In the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system, the lineages arising from the two daughter cells of a particular blastomere known as ABarap produce a different cell Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Ion channels: Optogenetics gets selective! Optogenetic targeting of specific cell populations in rats has not been possible until now. A new study demonstrates a method for creating genetically restricted, recombinase-driven rat lines in which opsins can be expressed in specific populations of neurons. Witten et al. generated tyrosine hydroxylase–Cre Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Learning and memory: Becoming a habit: a role for NMDA receptors The actions of dopamine in the basal ganglia are important for the transformation of a repeated action into an automated habit; however, the precise mechanisms by which dopamine is modulated during habit learning are unclear. Here, the authors show that mice in which NMDAR1 is Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Psychiatric disorders: Why two is better than one The antidepressant fluoxetine increases synaptic plasticity in the amygdala and thereby facilitates fear erasure through extinction. Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Social neuroscience: Oxytocin boosts social awareness Sensitivity to the experiences of others contributes to many social behaviours including empathy and cooperation. Here, the authors show that oxytocin influences social behaviour in rhesus macaques in a context-dependent manner. When the monkeys had to choose whether to deliver a reward to another monkey Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Neurodegenerative disease: Preventing 'SIRTain' death by mutant huntingtin Two independent studies link mutant huntingtin to inactivation of the deacetylase enzyme SIRT1 and highlight a neuroprotective role for SIRT1 in mouse models of Huntington's disease. Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Neural development: Emergence of patterned activity in the motor system Spontaneous activity bursts contribute to network formation in many parts of the developing nervous system. Warp et al. used time-lapse imaging and optical manipulation of activity to investigate the emergence of spontaneous patterned activity in the developing zebrafish motor system. They found that the Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Brain evolution: MicroRNAs: big influence in brain evolution It has been suggested that the rapid evolution of brain gene expression might partly account for the emergence of human cognition. Using microarrays and computational analysis, Somel et al. found that the rate of divergence of developmentally expressed genes in humans was 3–5 times Posted on 18 January 2012, 1:00 am Neuroimmunology: Interferon-? tunes the rhythm Two immune-related molecules regulate network rhythmicity by controlling GABA transmission. Posted on 11 January 2012, 1:00 am Spectral fingerprints of large-scale neuronal interactions Cognition results from interactions among functionally specialized but widely distributed brain regions; however, neuroscience has so far largely focused on characterizing the function of individual brain regions and neurons therein. Here we discuss recent studies that have instead investigated the interactions between brain regions during Posted on 11 January 2012, 1:00 am Mitochondrial transport in neurons: impact on synaptic homeostasis and neurodegeneration Mitochondria have a number of essential roles in neuronal function. Their complex mobility patterns within neurons are characterized by frequent changes in direction. Mobile mitochondria can become stationary or pause in regions that have a high metabolic demand and can move again rapidly in response Posted on 5 January 2012, 1:00 am Synaptic plasticity: Ubiquitin activates synaptic plasticity NEURL1A-mediated ubiquitylation of CPEB3 alters its activity and regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Posted on 5 January 2012, 1:00 am Computational neuroanatomy of speech production Speech production has been studied predominantly from within two traditions, psycholinguistics and motor control. These traditions have rarely interacted, and the resulting chasm between these approaches seems to reflect a level of analysis difference: whereas motor control is concerned with... Click here to view full abstract Speech production has been studied predominantly from within two traditions, psycholinguistics and motor control. These traditions have rarely interacted, and the resulting chasm between these approaches seems to reflect a level of analysis difference: whereas motor control is concerned with lower-level articulatory control, psycholinguistics focuses Click here to reduce abstract Posted on 5 January 2012, 1:00 am Neuronal circuits: The sound of fear A disinhibitory circuit in the mouse auditory cortex mediates fear conditioning to sounds. Posted on 21 December 2011, 1:00 am Sensory transduction: How TRPs discriminate between different stimuli Localized expression of different TRP channel isoforms determines behavioural outcomes to different stimuli. Posted on 21 December 2011, 1:00 am	Trends in Neurosciences - Most Read Articles The addicted brain craves new neurons: putative role for adult-born progenitors in promoting recovery Chitra D. Mandyam, George F. Koob. Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder associated with compulsive drug taking, drug seeking and a loss of control in limiting intake, reflected in three stages of a recurrent cycle: binge/intox.... Posted on 19 January 2012, 1:00 am Postsynaptic signaling during plasticity of dendritic spines Hideji Murakoshi, Ryohei Yasuda. Dendritic spines, small bulbous postsynaptic compartments emanating from neuronal dendrites, have been thought to serve as basic units of memory storage. Despite their small size (?0.1 femtoliter).... Posted on 4 January 2012, 1:00 am Seeing the light: photobehavior in fruit fly larvae Alex C. Keene, Simon G. Sprecher. Understanding how sensory stimuli drive behavior requires a detailed understanding of the molecular and neural nature through which the stimuli are received and processed. The visual system of the.... Posted on 4 January 2012, 1:00 am Signaling pathways underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: novel mechanisms for rapid-acting agents Ronald S. Duman, Bhavya Voleti. Basic and clinical studies demonstrate that stress and depression are associated with atrophy and loss of neurons and glia, which contribute to the decreased size and function of limbic brain regi.... Posted on 3 January 2012, 1:00 am Mood-stabilizing drugs: mechanisms of action Robert J. Schloesser, Keri Martinowich, Husseini K. Manji. Mood-stabilizing drugs are the most widely prescribed pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder, a disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Despite extensive clin.... Posted on 3 January 2012, 1:00 am TiNS Special Issue: Neuropsychiatric Disorders Rachel Jurd. Posted on 3 January 2012, 1:00 am Molecular mechanisms regulating myelination in the peripheral nervous system Jorge A. Pereira, Frédéric Lebrun-Julien, Ueli Suter. Glial cells and neurons are engaged in a continuous and highly regulated bidirectional dialog. A remarkable example is the control of myelination. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (C.... Posted on 21 December 2011, 1:00 am The neurodevelopmental origins of suicidal behavior Gustavo Turecki, Carl Ernst, Fabrice Jollant, Benoit Labonté, Naguib Mechawar. Suicide and related behaviors are complex phenomena associated with different risk factors. Although most individuals who display suicidal behavior do not have a history of early-life adversity, a.... Posted on 16 December 2011, 1:00 am Genetic and cognitive windows into circuit mechanisms of psychiatric disease P. Alexander Arguello, Joseph A. Gogos. Accumulating evidence indicates substantial etiological and pathophysiological heterogeneity as well as overlap within and across psychiatric disorders. Moreover, it is uncertain at what level, be.... Posted on 16 December 2011, 1:00 am The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits Andre Der-Avakian, Athina Markou. Anhedonia, or markedly diminished interest or pleasure, is a hallmark symptom of major depression, schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Over the past three decades, the clinical def.... Posted on 16 December 2011, 1:00 am Trisomy 21 and early brain development Tarik F. Haydar, Roger H. Reeves. Trisomy for human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) results in Down syndrome (DS). The finished human genome sequence provides a thorough catalog of the genetic elements whose altered dosage perturbs developm.... Posted on 13 December 2011, 1:00 am Cortical parvalbumin interneurons and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia David A. Lewis, Allison A. Curley, Jill R. Glausier, David W. Volk. Deficits in cognitive control, a core disturbance of schizophrenia, appear to emerge from impaired prefrontal gamma oscillations. Cortical gamma oscillations require strong inhibitory inputs to py.... Posted on 7 December 2011, 1:00 am Prion protein at the crossroads of physiology and disease Emiliano Biasini, Jessie A. Turnbaugh, Ursula Unterberger, David A. Harris. The presence of the cellular prion protein (PrP^C) on the cell surface is critical for the neurotoxicity of prions. Although several biological activities have been attributed to PrP Posted on 1 December 2011, 1:00 am Developmental neuroplasticity after cochlear implantation Andrej Kral, Anu Sharma. Cortical development is dependent on stimulus-driven learning. The absence of sensory input from birth, as occurs in congenital deafness, affects normal growth and connectivity needed to form a fu.... Posted on 21 November 2011, 1:00 am Organization and development of direction-selective circuits in the retina Wei Wei, Marla B. Feller. The direction-selective circuit in the retina extracts the directional information of image motion in the visual scene. It is a classic model for neural circuit analysis because its input and outp.... Posted on 29 August 2011, 2:00 am Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder Amy L. Mahan, Kerry J. Ressler. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after a traumatic experience such as domestic violence, natural disasters or combat-related trauma. The cost of such di.... Posted on 27 July 2011, 2:00 am Presynaptic function in health and disease Clarissa L. Waites, Craig C. Garner. Neurons communicate with one another at specialized contact sites called synapses, composed of pre- and postsynaptic compartments. Presynaptic compartments, or ‘boutons’, signal to the postsynapti.... Posted on 18 May 2011, 2:00 am Mechanisms of top-down attention Farhan Baluch, Laurent Itti. Attention exhibits characteristic neural signatures in brain regions that process sensory signals. An important area of future research is to understand the nature of top-down signals that facilit.... Posted on 24 March 2011, 1:00 am Astrocyte–neuron metabolic relationships: for better and for worse Igor Allaman, Mireille Bélanger, Pierre J Magistretti. In recent years, previously unsuspected roles of astrocytes have been revealed, largely owing to the development of new tools enabling their selective study in situ. These exciting findings.... Posted on 14 January 2011, 1:00 am Stuck in a rut: rethinking depression and its treatment Paul E. Holtzheimer, Helen S. Mayberg. The current definition of major depressive disorder (MDD) emerged from efforts to create reliable diagnostic criteria for clinical and research use. However, despite decades of research, the neuro.... Posted on 9 November 2010, 1:00 am

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